Genomic Surveillance
What is genomic surveillance?
When SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, replicates or makes copies of itself, it acquires mutations (i.e., changes) in its genome over time. These changes in the viral genetic code are typical of all viruses. A virus that has acquired enough significant mutations to be recognizably different from the original virus is referred to as a āvariant."
COVIDNet scientists use genomic sequencing to identify these changes in the genetic code. Genomic surveillance is the process of monitoring SARS-CoV-2 genomic changes over time and in different regions. Genomic surveillance provides important information to public health, such as when and where new virus variants are emerging. Genomic sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 identifies specific genetic changes which may affect how quickly the virus can spread or other important characteristics that might impact health.
āāHow are genomic sequences obtained?
Genomic Sequencing Journeyā
An individual goes to a COVID-19 testing site to obtain a PCR test for SARS-CoV-2.
(Or)
An individual can use an at-home COVID-19 antigen test.
A specimen is collected from the individual for PCR testing, or the individual takes an antigen test at home.āāā
The individual's PCR specimen is tested for SARS-CoV-2 at a diagnostic testing laboratory, or the antigen test result is immediately known when taken at home.
The COVID-19 test result is obtained. If the COVID-19 test result is:
- positive, the specimen is sent for sequencing
- negative, the specimen will not be sent for sequencing.
A COVIDNet whole genome sequencing laboratory, such as the CDPH Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory (VRDL), may receive either a positive PCR or antigen test for genomic surveillance.
The SARS-CoV-2 specimen is sequenced by a COVIDNet laboratory partner. ā
Genomic data are sent to the CDPH cloud database and contribute to building a state-wide view of SARS-CoV-2 (via phylogenetic trees).
These data are used by epidemiologists and other scientists to inform public health actions, decisions, and policies to protect Californians from emerging variants. COVIDNet strives to share SARS-CoV-2 genomic data in public databases to better understand this virus and add to the knowledge base at local, national, and international levels.
Why is genomic surveillance important?
Genomic sequencing, a component of genomic surveillance, is an important tool used to monitor genetic changes in SARS-CoV-2 that may significantly impact public health.
Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 can help detect variants with the ability to:
- Spread more quickly among people
- Cause either milder or more severe disease in people
- Evade natural or vaccine-induced immunity
- Decrease the virus' susceptibility to therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies
- Elude detection by diagnostic tests
Genomic surveillance allows for targeted public health action by identifying the source of exposures, tracking the spread of variants, and estimating the size of outbreaks.
Genomic Surveillance in Action